序列缺失下的序列化处理。你可能会想,将序列作为输入或输出是相当少见的,但重要的是要认识到,即使输入或输出是固定向量,你仍然可以使用这种强大的形式体系以序列化的方式对它们进行处理。例如,下图显示的结果来自DeepMind的两篇非常不错的论文。在左边,算法学习一种循环网络策略,可以将它的注意力集中在图像周围。具体地说,就是它学习从左到右阅读门牌号码(Ba et al.)。在右边,循环网络通过学习在画布上序列化地添加颜色来生成数字图像(Gregor et al.)。
class RNN:
# ...
def step(self, x):
# update the hidden state
self.h = np.tanh(np.dot(self.W_hh, self.h) + np.dot(self.W_xh, x))
# compute the output vector
y = np.dot(self.W_hy, self.h)
return y
合并Paul Graham过去5年的所有文章,我们可以得到大约1MB的文本文件,或者说大约100万个字符(顺便提一句,这是个非常小的数据集)。技术:训练一个2层的LSTM,含有512个隐藏节点(约350万个参数),每层之后有0.5的dropout。我们将通过每批次100个实例和长度为100个字符的截断式沿时间反向传播来训练。使用这些设置,每个批次在TITAN Z GPU上耗时大约0.46秒(这可以通过性能代价微不足道的50个字符的BPTT,即Backpropagation Through Time让耗时减半)。言归正传,让我们看看来自RNN的样本:
The surprised in investors weren’t going to raise money. I’m not the company with the time there are all interesting quickly, don’t have to get off the same programmers. There’s a super-angel round fundraising, why do you can do. If you have a different physical investment are become in people who reduced in a startup with the way to argument the acquirer could see them just that you’re also the founders will part of users’ affords that and an alternation to the idea. [2] Don’t work at first member to see the way kids will seem in advance of a bad successful startup. And if you have to act the big company too.
好吧,显然上面的样本暂时还无法取代Paul Graham,但是别忘了,RNN必须使用一个小的数据集(包括逗号,撇号和空格)完全从零开始学习英语。我也很喜欢它学会通过引用来支持自己的论点(例如上面的[2])。有时候它会说一些有洞见的话,比如“a company is a meeting to think to investors”。如果你想看到更多,这里有5万个字符的样本。
is that they were all the same thing that was a startup is that they were all the same thing that was a startup is that they were all the same thing that was a startup is that they were all the same
PANDARUS:
Alas, I think he shall be come approached and the day
When little srain would be attain'd into being never fed,
And who is but a chain and subjects of his death,
I should not sleep.
Second Senator:
They are away this miseries, produced upon my soul,
Breaking and strongly should be buried, when I perish
The earth and thoughts of many states.
DUKE VINCENTIO:
Well, your wit is in the care of side and that.
Second Lord:
They would be ruled after this chamber, and
my fair nues begun out of the fact, to be conveyed,
Whose noble souls I'll have the heart of the wars.
Clown:
Come, sir, I will make did behold your worship.
VIOLA:
I'll drink it.
VIOLA:
Why, Salisbury must find his flesh and thought
That which I am not aps, not a man and in fire,
To show the reining of the raven and the wars
To grace my hand reproach within, and not a fair are hand,
That Caesar and my goodly father's world;
When I was heaven of presence and our fleets,
We spare with hours, but cut thy council I am great,
Murdered and by thy master's ready there
My power to give thee but so much as hell:
Some service in the noble bondman here,
Would show him to her wine.
KING LEAR:
O, if you were a feeble sight, the courtesy of your law,
Your sight and several breath, will wear the gods
With his heads, and my hands are wonder'd at the deeds,
So drop upon your lordship's head, and your opinion
Shall be against your honour.
我们看到,LSTM可以学习拼写单词和复制一般的句法结构。让我们进一步增加难度,在结构化的markdown上面训练它。具体地说,就是使用Hutter Prize 的维基百科原始数据集(100MB)训练一个LSTM。和Graves et al.一样,我使用前面的96MB来训练,剩下的用于验证以及在晚上跑几个模型。我们现在可以对维基百科的文章进行取样!以下是一些有趣的摘录:
1234567891011121314151617
Naturalism and decision for the majority of Arab countries' capitalide was grounded
by the Irish language by [[John Clair]], [[An Imperial Japanese Revolt]], associated
with Guangzham's sovereignty. His generals were the powerful ruler of the Portugal
in the [[Protestant Immineners]], which could be said to be directly in Cantonese
Communication, which followed a ceremony and set inspired prison, training. The
emperor travelled back to [[Antioch, Perth, October 25|21]] to note, the Kingdom
of Costa Rica, unsuccessful fashioned the [[Thrales]], [[Cynth's Dajoard]], known
in western [[Scotland]], near Italy to the conquest of India with the conflict.
Copyright was the succession of independence in the slop of Syrian influence that
was a famous German movement based on a more popular servicious, non-doctrinal
and sexual power post. Many governments recognize the military housing of the
[[Civil Liberalization and Infantry Resolution 265 National Party in Hungary]],
that is sympathetic to be to the [[Punjab Resolution]]
(PJS)[http://www.humah.yahoo.com/guardian.
cfm/7754800786d17551963s89.htm Official economics Adjoint for the Nazism, Montgomery
was swear to advance to the resources for those Socialism's rule,
was starting to signing a major tripad of aid exile.]]
{ { cite journal | id=Cerling Nonforest Department|format=Newlymeslated|none } }
''www.e-complete''.
'''See also''': [[List of ethical consent processing]]
== See also ==
*[[Iender dome of the ED]]
*[[Anti-autism]]
===[[Religion|Religion]]===
*[[French Writings]]
*[[Maria]]
*[[Revelation]]
*[[Mount Agamul]]
== External links==
* [http://www.biblegateway.nih.gov/entrepre/ Website of the World Festival. The labour of India-county defeats at the Ripper of California Road.]
==External links==
* [http://www.romanology.com/ Constitution of the Netherlands and Hispanic Competition for Bilabial and Commonwealth Industry (Republican Constitution of the Extent of the Netherlands)]
\begin{proof}
We may assume that $\mathcal{I}$ is an abelian sheaf on $\mathcal{C}$.
\item Given a morphism $\Delta : \mathcal{F} \to \mathcal{I}$
is an injective and let $\mathfrak q$ be an abelian sheaf on $X$.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a fibered complex. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a category.
\begin{enumerate}
\item \hyperref[setain-construction-phantom]{Lemma}
\label{lemma-characterize-quasi-finite}
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be an abelian quasi-coherent sheaf on $\mathcal{C}$.
Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. Then
$\mathcal{F}$ is an abelian catenary over $\mathcal{C}$.
\item The following are equivalent
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\mathcal{F}$ is an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module.
\end{lemma}
/*
* Increment the size file of the new incorrect UI_FILTER group information
* of the size generatively.
*/
static int indicate_policy(void)
{
int error;
if (fd == MARN_EPT) {
/*
* The kernel blank will coeld it to userspace.
*/
if (ss->segment < mem_total)
unblock_graph_and_set_blocked();
else
ret = 1;
goto bail;
}
segaddr = in_SB(in.addr);
selector = seg / 16;
setup_works = true;
for (i = 0; i < blocks; i++) {
seq = buf[i++];
bpf = bd->bd.next + i * search;
if (fd) {
current = blocked;
}
}
rw->name = "Getjbbregs";
bprm_self_clearl(&iv->version);
regs->new = blocks[(BPF_STATS << info->historidac)] | PFMR_CLOBATHINC_SECONDS << 12;
return segtable;
}
/*
* Copyright (c) 2006-2010, Intel Mobile Communications. All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
* the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*/
#include <linux/kexec.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/io.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/multi.h>
#include <linux/ckevent.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/prom.h>
#include <asm/e820.h>
#include <asm/system_info.h>
#include <asm/setew.h>
#include <asm/pgproto.h>
#define REG_PG vesa_slot_addr_pack
#define PFM_NOCOMP AFSR(0, load)
#define STACK_DDR(type) (func)
#define SWAP_ALLOCATE(nr) (e)
#define emulate_sigs() arch_get_unaligned_child()
#define access_rw(TST) asm volatile("movd %%esp, %0, %3" : : "r" (0)); \
if (__type & DO_READ)
static void stat_PC_SEC __read_mostly offsetof(struct seq_argsqueue, \
pC>[1]);
static void
os_prefix(unsigned long sys)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
PUT_PARAM_RAID(2, sel) = get_state_state();
set_pid_sum((unsigned long)state, current_state_str(),
(unsigned long)-1->lr_full; low;
}
"Tmont thithey" fomesscerliund
Keushey. Thom here
sheulke, anmerenith ol sivh I lalterthend Bleipile shuwy fil on aseterlome
coaniogennc Phe lism thond hon at. MeiDimorotion in ther thize."
这些单词同样被空格分开,模型开始在句子结尾处使用句号。在第500次迭代时:
12
we counter. He stutn co des. His stanted out one ofler that concossions and was
to gearang reay Jotrets and with fre colt otf paitt thin wall. Which das stimn
Aftair fall unsuch that the hall for Prince Velzonski's that me of
her hearly, and behs to so arwage fiving were to it beloge, pavu say falling misfort
how, and Gogition is so overelical and ofter.
在第1200次迭代时,我们看到引号、问号和感叹号的使用。同时还出现了更长的单词:
12
"Kite vouch!" he repeated by her
door. "But I would be done and quarts, feeling, then, son is people...."
直到大约第2000次迭代时,我们才开始得到正确拼写的单词、引述、名字等等:
123
"Why do what that day," replied Natasha, and wishing to himself the fact the
princess, Princess Mary was easier, fed in had oftened him.
Pierre aking his soul came to the packs and drove up his father-in-law women.
现在,我不想讲太多的细节,但是记忆寻址的“软”注意力方案是很方便的,因为它使得模型完全可微分的,但不幸的是会牺牲一些效率,因为所有可以被注意的东西都被注意到了。可以将其视作C语言中的指针,它不指向特定地址,而是定义了整个记忆地址,并且间接引用指针,返回指向内容的权重和(这是非常昂贵的操作!)。这让很多研究者从“软”注意力模型转向“硬”注意力模型,以便对某个特定的需要注意的记忆块进行采样(例如,在某种程度上对某些记忆单元读/写而不是对所有单元读/写)。这个模型在哲学上更有吸引力、可扩展和高效,但不幸的是它也是不可微分的。这就要求使用来自强化学习文献(例如REINFORCE)的技术,其中人们完全习惯于不可微分的相互作用的概念。这项工作现在还在进展中,但是这些“硬”注意力模型已经被探索过,例如,使用栈增强循环网络的推理算法模式、强化学习神经图灵机和Show Attend and Tell。
C:\>telnet smtp.163.com 25
220 163.com Anti-spam GT for Coremail System (163com[20141201])
hello # SMTP协议没有这个指令
502 Error: command not implemented
helo hi # 因为每次按键都会被传送到服务器,所以输入错误时不能使用退格键删除,只能换行重新输入
500 Error: bad syntax
helo hi
250 OK
vrfy noname@163.com # 现在的邮件服务器都使用ESTMP协议,VRFY、EXPN这些指令都已经被禁用或不被支持
502 Error: command not implemented
mail from: <noname@example.com> # 必须是同域的邮箱才能发邮件
553 Local user only,163 smtp7,C8CowAA3eUZ7jEBaXE8hDg--.38995S2 1514179735
mail from: <noname@163.com> # 必须登录服务器才能发邮件
553 authentication is required,163 smtp7,C8CowAA3eUZ7jEBaXE8hDg--.38995S3 1514179751
quit
221 Bye
C:\>nslookup -q=mx 163.com
Non-authoritative answer:
163.com MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = 163mx03.mxmail.netease.com
163.com MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = 163mx01.mxmail.netease.com
163.com MX preference = 10, mail exchanger = 163mx02.mxmail.netease.com
163.com MX preference = 50, mail exchanger = 163mx00.mxmail.netease.com
163.com nameserver = ns6.nease.net
163.com nameserver = ns3.nease.net
163.com nameserver = ns4.nease.net
163.com nameserver = ns1.nease.net
163.com nameserver = ns8.166.com
163.com nameserver = ns2.166.com
163.com nameserver = ns5.nease.net
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.138
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.139
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.140
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.141
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.142
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.143
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.135
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.136
163mx01.mxmail.netease.com internet address = 220.181.14.137
找到MX服务器后,我们就可以像对待SMTP服务器那样对待它:
1234567891011121314151617181920212223
C:\>telnet 163mx03.mxmail.netease.com 25
220 163.com Anti-spam GT for Coremail System (163com[20141201])
helo hi
250 OK
vrfy noname@163.com # VRFY指令也处于禁用
502 Error: command not implemented
mail from: <noname@example.com> # 注意:不同域的邮箱也能发邮件啦
250 Mail OK
rcpt to: <fewfwe>
550 Invalid User: fewfwe
rcpt to: <fewfwe@163.com> # 邮箱不存在
550 User not found: fewfwe@163.com
rcpt to: <fake@163.com> # 邮箱存在
250 Mail OK
quit
221 Bye
def parse(self, response):
links = response.xpath('//center/table[@bordercolorlight]//a/@href').extract()
for link in links:
next = response.urljoin(link)
yield scrapy.Request(next, callback=self.parse_chapter)